{"id":6806,"date":"2020-06-27T10:47:05","date_gmt":"2020-06-27T06:47:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/llb-secondaire.blog\/?p=6806"},"modified":"2020-06-27T10:47:05","modified_gmt":"2020-06-27T06:47:05","slug":"le-bioplastique-explique-aux-collegiens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/secondary.llbinternationalschool.mu\/blog\/2020\/06\/27\/le-bioplastique-explique-aux-collegiens\/","title":{"rendered":"Le bioplastique expliqu\u00e9 aux coll\u00e9giens"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les bact\u00e9ries fabriquent du\u00a0bioplastique\u00a0!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tu as s\u00fbrement entendu parler de Greta Thunberg et du projet \u00ab\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0Ocean Cleanup\u00a0\u00bb dans\u00a0l`Oc\u00e9an<\/span>\u00a0pacifique. Mais savais-tu\u00a0qu’\u00e0<\/span>\u00a0Maurice, au MSIRI\u00a0(un institut de recherche sur la canne \u00e0 sucre \u00e0 R\u00e9duit)<\/span>, des agrochimistes avaient invent\u00e9 un moyen de produire du plastique \u00e0 partir de paille de canne \u00e0 sucre ?<\/span>\u00a0C`est une solution concr\u00e8te \u00e0 la pollution au plastique !<\/span>\u00a0On t’explique.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Il faut commencer par le commencement.<\/span>\u00a0Le plastique est constitu\u00e9 de polym\u00e8res,\u00a0c’est<\/span>\u00a0\u00e0 dire une cha\u00eene de mol\u00e9cules plus petites appel\u00e9es monom\u00e8res.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

La plupart du plastique produit provient du p\u00e9trole, c<\/span>omme tu le sais sans doute, et la plupart de ceux-ci ne sont pas biod\u00e9gradables :\u00a0le PET\u00a0(poly\u00e9thyl\u00e8ne\u00a0t\u00e9r\u00e9phtalate<\/span>)<\/span>, le PE\u00a0(poly\u00e9thyl\u00e8ne)<\/span>, le PS\u00a0(polystyr\u00e8ne)<\/span>\u00a0sont des plastiques p\u00e9trochimiques courants que tu utilises tous les jours.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le probl\u00e8me\u00a0est<\/span>\u00a0que ces polym\u00e8res poss\u00e8dent des liaisons tr\u00e8s fortes et se d\u00e9gradent mal : nous parlons l\u00e0 d’une d\u00e9gradation sur une \u00e9chelle de centaines\u00a0d`ann\u00e9es<\/span>\u00a0!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

De plus, tout un syst\u00e8me de courants marins\u00a0(appel\u00e9s \u2018gyres<\/span>\u2019)<\/span>\u00a0rassemblent les plastiques d\u00e9vers\u00e9s dans les oc\u00e9ans en gigantesques amas flottants au milieu des oc\u00e9ans qui menacent les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, on peut produire des polym\u00e8res avec des substrats naturels divers comme la paille de canne \u00e0 sucre.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sur 50 000 tonnes de paille produites par an \u00e0 Maurice,\u00a0une partie\u00a0de la paille des champs est utilis\u00e9e pour garantir la fertilit\u00e9 des sols, mais on peut en pr\u00e9lever une certaine quantit\u00e9 pour la biochimie.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En effet, certaines bact\u00e9ries peuvent faire\u00a0fermenter<\/span>\u00a0la paille et fabriquer les polym\u00e8res.\u00a0Ces polym\u00e8res sont des\u00a0biopolym\u00e8res<\/span>, issus de ressources renouvelables :<\/span>\u00a0ont dit\u00a0qu`ils<\/span>\u00a0sont \u2018biosourc\u00e9s<\/span>\u2019.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \"\"
\n<\/span>
\nLes bact\u00e9ries productrices de ces\u00a0biopolym\u00e8res<\/span>\u00a0sont nombreuses :<\/span>\u00a0plus de 300 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvertes !<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Au MSIRI, que nous avons visit\u00e9, les chercheurs en utilisent une qui se nomme Ralstonia\u00a0eutropha<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cette bact\u00e9rie a besoin de certains nutriments pour grandir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

On va la priver de ces nutriments, et elle va commencer \u00e0 faire fermenter la paille en\u00a0biopolym\u00e8res<\/span>\u00a0pour stocker de\u00a0l’\u00e9nergie :<\/span>\u00a0des\u00a0biopolym\u00e8res<\/span>\u00a0qu’on<\/span>\u00a0va ensuite extraire.\u00a0Le\u00a0biopolym\u00e8re<\/span>\u00a0produit au MSIRI est le PHA\u00a0(polyhydroxyalcanoate<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans la nature, les PHAs sont biod\u00e9gradables :<\/span>\u00a0les microorganismes brisent les liaisons entre les monom\u00e8res et se nourrissent du plastique, produisant du dioxyde de carbone, du m\u00e9thane et de\u00a0l’eau<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Voil\u00e0 donc une solution verte aux d\u00e9chets plastiques !\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En effet, il faut savoir que les \u00eatres humains ont produit plus de 9 milliards de tonnes de plastique<\/strong> dans les sept derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, dont 165 millions<\/strong> qui ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9vers\u00e9s dans les oc\u00e9ans :<\/span>\u00a0chaque ann\u00e9e, environ 9 millions<\/strong> de tonnes finissent en milieu marin.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Une grande partie du plastique produit annuellement est utilis\u00e9e comme emballages\u00a0(plus\u00a0d’un<\/span>\u00a0tiers du total de plastique produit en 2015)<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Qui plus est, seul\u00a09 %\u00a0du plastique produit dans le monde est recycl\u00e9 !\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Durant la pand\u00e9mie de coronavirus, la production de plastique non-recyclable a explos\u00e9 en raison de la demande en \u00e9quipements de protection\u00a0(masques, gants, visi\u00e8res\u2026)<\/span>\u00a0et de la multiplication des livraisons \u00e0 domicile qui n\u00e9cessitent des emballages.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Aux Etats-Unis, on estime que l’usage de plastiques non-recyclables a augment\u00e9 de 250 \u00e0 300 % !\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu vois donc comment le\u00a0bioplastique<\/span> offre une solution n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 cette crise de pollution qui menace les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et, par extension, les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines …<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00ab\u00a0We depend on plastic. Now we`re drowning in it<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0, National Geographic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Texte\u00a0: Kaveesh Naggea, dans le cadre du concours Parlons Chimie (36\u00e8me Olympiades de la Chimie)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les bact\u00e9ries fabriquent du\u00a0bioplastique\u00a0! Tu as s\u00fbrement entendu parler de Greta Thunberg et du projet \u00ab\u00a0the\u00a0Ocean Cleanup\u00a0\u00bb dans\u00a0l`Oc\u00e9an\u00a0pacifique. Mais savais-tu\u00a0qu’\u00e0\u00a0Maurice, au MSIRI\u00a0(un institut de recherche sur la canne \u00e0 sucre \u00e0 R\u00e9duit), des agrochimistes avaient invent\u00e9 un moyen de produire … Continuer de lire Le bioplastique expliqu\u00e9 aux coll\u00e9giens<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6752,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,18,29,30,39],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6806","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-college","category-developpement-durable","category-llb","category-lycee","category-sciences"],"yoast_head":"\nLe bioplastique expliqu\u00e9 aux coll\u00e9giens - Le blog du secondaire<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/secondary.llbinternationalschool.mu\/blog\/2020\/06\/27\/le-bioplastique-explique-aux-collegiens\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le bioplastique expliqu\u00e9 aux coll\u00e9giens - Le blog du secondaire\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les bact\u00e9ries fabriquent du\u00a0bioplastique\u00a0! 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